Lucas, I don't understand too much in the compilation. It seems like all the postfix binaries contain some static library (*.a) instead of using shared (*.so). That's all what I can suggest.
Output for the shared libraries:
ldd /usr/sbin/postfix 
/usr/sbin/postfix:
	linux-gate.so.1 =>  (0xffffe000)
	libldap-2.4.so.2 => /usr/lib/libldap-2.4.so.2 (0xb76a9000)
	liblber-2.4.so.2 => /usr/lib/liblber-2.4.so.2 (0xb769d000)
	libsasl2.so.2 => /usr/lib/libsasl2.so.2 (0xb7686000)
	libssl.so.1.0.0 => /usr/lib/libssl.so.1.0.0 (0xb7618000)
	libcrypto.so.1.0.0 => /usr/lib/libcrypto.so.1.0.0 (0xb7435000)
	libpthread.so.0 => /lib/libpthread.so.0 (0xb741a000)
	libmysqlclient.so.18 => /usr/lib/libmysqlclient.so.18 (0xb7150000)
	libz.so.1 => /usr/lib/libz.so.1 (0xb713d000)
	libm.so.6 => /lib/libm.so.6 (0xb7110000)
	libpcre.so.1 => /usr/lib/libpcre.so.1 (0xb70d6000)
	libnsl.so.1 => /lib/libnsl.so.1 (0xb70ba000)
	libresolv.so.2 => /lib/libresolv.so.2 (0xb70a1000)
	libc.so.6 => /lib/libc.so.6 (0xb6f2b000)
	libdl.so.2 => /lib/libdl.so.2 (0xb6f26000)
	/lib/ld-linux.so.2 (0xb76e8000)
	librt.so.1 => /lib/librt.so.1 (0xb6f1d000)
	libstdc++.so.6 => /usr/lib/libstdc++.so.6 (0xb6e55000)
	libgcc_s.so.1 => /usr/lib/libgcc_s.so.1 (0xb6e3d000)
So, seems problem not in the libpthread?
Or, may it be "hybrid" case, when some part of postfix use static libpthread, while other is depends on shared libpthread? I have very weak skills, and in the most cases can only use "trial and error" method.